ADB

Asian Development Bank

AEC

ASEAN Economic Community

AI

artificial intelligence

ANZUS

Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty

AOIP

ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific

APEC

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASPI

Australian Strategic Policy Institute

BRI

Belt and Road Initiative

CLMV

Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam

CMIM

Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization

CoC

code of conduct

COCOM

Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls

CPTPP

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

DAP

Democratic Action Party

DFFT

data free flow with trust

DOC

Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea

ECRL

East Coast Rail Link

E&E

electrical and electronics

EEE

Expanded Economic Engagement

EPA

Economic Partnership Agreement

EU

European Union

EVFTA

European Union–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement

FDI

foreign direct investment

FEFTA

Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act

FOIP

Free and Open Indo-Pacific

FTA

free trade agreement

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP

gross domestic product

GFC

global financial crisis

GVC

global value chain

IBRD

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IMF

International Monetary Fund

LDP

Liberal Democratic Party

LNG

liquefied natural gas

METI

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

MEXT

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

MITI

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

MNC

multinational corporations

MOFA

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

MOU

memorandum of understanding

MPP

Multi-Product Pipeline

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

NSS

National Security Secretariat

NTB

non-tariff barrier

NTM

non-tariff measure

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PAFTAD

Pacific Trade and Development

PECC

Pacific Economic Cooperation Council

POA

Plan of Action

PPE

personal protective equipment

RCEP

Regional Comprehensive Partnership

SME

small and medium-sized enterprise

SOE

state-owned enterprise

TAC

Treaty of Amity and Cooperation

TPP

Trans-Pacific Partnership

TSGP

Trans-Sabah Gas Pipeline

UK

United Kingdom

UN

United Nations

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNSC

United Nations Security Council

US

United States

USMCA

United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement

VER

voluntary export restraint

WHO

World Health Organization

WTO

World Trade Organization

WWI

World War I

WWII

World War II