ANU

The Australian National University

BEV

battery electric vehicle

BRI

Belt and Road Initiative

btce

billion tonnes of standard coal equivalent

CBIRC

China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission

CBRC

China Banking Regulatory Commission

CCER

China Certified Emission Reduction program

CGBP

China Green Bond Principles

CGE

computable general equilibrium

CGT

Common Ground Taxonomy

CPC

Communist Party of China

CSRC

China Securities Regulatory Commission

EC

European Commission

ESG

environmental, social and governance

ESO

energy system optimisation

ETS

Emissions Trading System

EU

European Union

EV

electric vehicle

FDI

foreign direct investment

GAINS

greenhouse gas and air pollution interaction and synergies

GDP

gross domestic product

GFC

Global Financial Crisis

GHG

greenhouse gas

Gt

gigatonne

GVC

global value chain

GW

gigawatt

HEL

public health benefits evaluation

IEA

International Energy Agency

IFAD

International Fund for Agricultural Development

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPSF

International Platform on Sustainable Finance

kWh

kilowatt hours

LGB

local government bond

LGFV

local government financing vehicle

MEE

Ministry of Ecology and Environment

MoF

Ministry of Finance

MW

megawatt

M-CGT

Multi-Jurisdiction Common Ground Taxonomy

NDC

Nationally Determined Contribution

NDRC

National Development and Reform Commission

NEA

National Energy Administration of China

NFRA

National Financial Regulatory Administration

NPC

National People’s Congress

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PBOC

People’s Bank of China

PHEV

plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

PM

particulate matter

PPP

public–private partnership

PV

photovoltaic

PV–ES–CS

photovoltaic–energy storage–charging station

R&D

research and development

RMB

renminbi

SOE

state-owned enterprise

TPEC

total primary energy consumption

TWh

terawatt hours

UK

United Kingdom

UN

United Nations

US

United States

USMCA

United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement

WHO

World Health Organization

WTO

World Trade Organization