AfDB

African Development Bank

AIIB

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEAN-5

Association of Southeast Asian Nations Five

ASIEC

Annual Survey of Industrial Enterprises in China

AVIC

Aviation Industry Corporation of China

BEC

Broad Economic Classification (United Nations)

BIS

Bank for International Settlements

BRI

Belt and Road Initiative

BRICS

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

CAICCF

China–Africa Industrial Capacity Cooperation Fund

CAS

Chinese Academy of Sciences

CASC

Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

CASIC

Chinese Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation

CCAP

Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy

CCDC

China Central Depository & Clearing

CDB

China Development Bank

CEC

China Electricity Council

CEO

chief executive officer

CEPII

Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (Centre for Prospective Studies and International Information)

CFPS

China Family Panel Studies

Comac

Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China

Complant

China National Complete Plant Import Export Corporation

CPC

Communist Party of China

CPI

consumer price index

CPPCC

Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference

CSFAGC

China State Farms Agribusiness Group Corporation

CSP

concentrating solar power

CUI

catch-up index

DID

difference-in-difference

EC

efficiency change

EEU

Eurasian Economic Union

EIB

European Investment Bank

EU

European Union

Exim Bank

Export–Import Bank of China

FDI

foreign direct investment

FE

fixed-effects model

FIE

foreign-invested enterprise

FIT

feed-in tariff

FOCAC

Forum On China–Africa Cooperation

FTA

free-trade agreement

GDP

gross domestic product

GFC

Global Financial Crisis

GMM

generalised method of moments

GPN

global production network

GW

gigawatt

GWh

gigawatt-hour

HH

Herfindahl–Hirschman

HRS

household responsibility system

HS

Harmonised System

HSR

high-speed rail

ICOR

incremental capital–output ratio

IEE

Institute of Electrical Engineering

IFDI

inward foreign direct investment

IID

independent and identically distributed

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IPAC

Integrated Policy Assessment Model for China

IPO

initial public offering

ISSS

Institute of Social Science Survey

IT

information technology

kW

kilowatt

kWh

kilowatt-hour

LCOE

levelised cost of electricity

LMERR

Lagrange Multiplier Error

LMLAG

Lagrange Multiplier Lag

LP

Levinsohn and Petrin

m/s

metres per second

M&A

merger and acquisition

M1

narrow money supply

M2

broad money supply

MITH

middle-income trap hypothesis

ML

maximum likelihood method

MNE

multinational enterprise

MOFCOM

Ministry of Commerce of China

MOFTEC

Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation

MW

megawatt

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NBS

National Bureau of Statistics of China

NDRC

National Development and Reform Commission

NEA

National Energy Administration

NEI

new-economy index

NFS

National Fixed-point Survey

NPC

National People’s Congress

NPL

non-performing loan

ODA

official development assistance

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OFDI

outward foreign direct investment

OLS

ordinary least squares

OOF

other official flow

PBC

People’s Bank of China

PBS

Provincial Bureau of Statistics

PMI

purchasing manager index

PPI

producer price index

PPP

purchasing power parity

PRC

People’s Republic of China

PV

photovoltaic

R&D

research and development

RBA

Reserve Bank of Australia

RCEP

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

RE

random-effects model

repo

repurchase agreement

RLCL

Rural Land Contracting Law

RMB

renminbi

S&GA

selling, general and administrative expenses

S&T

science and technology

SCO

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

SDR

special drawing right

SEM

spatial error model

SEZ

special economic zone

SIC

Standard Industrial Classification

SIPO

State Intellectual Property Office of China

SITC

Standard International Trade Classification

SLM

spatial lag model

SME

small and medium enterprise

SOE

state-owned enterprise

TCE

tonnes of coal equivalent

TFP

total factor productivity

toe

tonnes of oil equivalent

TP

technological progress

TPP

Trans-Pacific Partnership

TVE

township and village-owned enterprise

TWh

terawatt-hour

UK

United Kingdom

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

US

United States

USPTO

United States Patent and Trademark Office

VAI

value added in the manufacturing industry

VAT

value-added tax

WEO

World Economic Outlook

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization

WTO

World Trade Organization