List of Illustrations

Map

Map 1. Former Ainu villages and rivers in Sapporo

Figures

Figure 1. Kouichi Kaizawa at his home, Nibutani, Hokkaidō

Figure 2. Cikornay National Trust’s activity – planting local tree species in Nibutani

Figure 3. Undertaking survey work. Ewa Ljungdahl is standing to the left. Sitting beside her is the archaeologist Bernth Ove Viklund. To the right of them are reindeer herders Lasse Kuhmunen and Magnus Kristoffersson

Figure 4. Salmon at the headwaters of the Chitose River

Figure 5. Asircepnomi (the ritual to receive the first salmon of the season) on the riverbanks of the Toyohira River, Sapporo. The leader of the prayer is Tatsujirō Kuzuno

Figure 6. Multilingual signage at the Sápmi Awards

Figure 7. Letter of congratulations in North Sámi. It could also be sent in Lule Sámi

Figure 8. Maria Rustad (left) and Jenny Virdi Kroik wearing traditional South Saami clothes. Tin embroidery is used for decoration on the belt. They are playing outside after the concert

Figure 9. Yuji Shimizu and other members of the Kotan Association in a demonstration demanding the return of ancestral remains

Figure 10. Yuji Shimizu at a press conference in the Sapporo Bar Association Hall

Figure 11. This ruunpe (a traditional Ainu dress) was modelled on a work exhibited in the Hokkaidō Museum. Artist Nobuko Tsuda

Figure 12. Mana Shinoda in a traditional Ainu dress, ruunpe, playing the mukkuri (Jews’ harp)

Figure 13. Shizue Ukaji, Ainu embroidery expert

Figure 14. Jenny Virdi Kroik (right) and Ristin Kristoffersson during a trip to the mountaintop

Figure 15. A guksie, a traditional Saami cup used for drinking coffee, carved from wood by Erik Schepers

Figure 16. The Inga family c. 1896. The photograph was taken at Kanstadfjord on the Hinnøy part of Andøy. A lavvu tent is in the background, while a goahti is in the foreground

Figure 17. A present-day 4-metre (12-foot) lavvu

Figure 18. The coat of arms of the Sami town of Kautokeino (Guovdageaidnu), Norway

Figure 19. Jenny Virdi Kroik and David Kroik dancing the sydisdans at a family gathering. The collage gives a sense of the movement of the dance