Illustrations

Figure 1. Route of the Glomar Challenger on Leg 28, with numbered drill sites shown; 1,000 m and 3,000 m contours shown

Figure 2. Frozen bollard on the Glomar Challenger

Figure 1.1. Antarctica, with sites referred to in this chapter

Figure 1.2. Geological time scale, simplified after International Commission on Stratigraphy (2017)

Figure 1.3. Glomar Challenger preparing for the Antarctic voyage, Fremantle, December 1972

Figure 1.4. Pipe rack on the foredeck of the Glomar Challenger

Figure 1.5. Moon pool on the Glomar Challenger

Figure 2.1. Sea floor topography south of Australia showing Naturaliste Plateau, the Diamantina Fracture Zone and, further south, the Abyssal Plain and the Southeast Indian Ridge

Figure 2.2. Sea floor detail from southwestern Australia showing the Naturaliste Plateau (NP) and the Diamantina Fracture Zone (DZ) to the south. False colour image

Figure 2.3. Bust of Nicolas Baudin; Augusta Historical Society Western Australia. Sculptor Peter Gelencér

Figure 3.1. Foraminifera; Globigerina bulloides. Scale bar 100 microns

Figure 3.2. Coccosphere with coccoliths; Gephyrocapsa oceanica. Scale bar 1.0 microns

Figure 3.3. Diatoms from the Southern Ocean. Scale bar 20 microns

Figure 3.4. Radiolaria. Pl. 99 from Ernst Haeckel, Report on the Radiolaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76, 1887

Figure 3.5. Sea floor map of the North Atlantic. Artwork by Heinrich Berann

Figure 3.6. Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen

Figure 4.1. The H.M.S. Challenger in the Southern Ocean. Watercolour by Sub-Lieutenant Herbert Swire

Figure 4.2. Route of HMS Challenger

Figure 4.3 Dried foraminiferal (Globigerina) oozes collected by HMS Challenger

Figure 4.4. HMS Challenger firing at the ice berg, Feby. 21. Drawing on cardboard by J.J. Arthur

Figure 4.5. Chart of HMS Challenger’s path, showing the site of dredging the first diatom ooze that their scientists had encountered at their Site 1260

Figure 5.1. Henricus Hondius, Polus Antarcticus, 1642

Figure 5.2. The Resolution and Adventure 4 Jan 1773. Taking in Ice for Water, Lat 61.S. Ink and watercolour by William Hodges

Figure 5.3. Ice Islands with Ice Blink. Gouache by Georg Forster, February 1773

Figure 5.4. The ice was here, the ice was there, The ice was all around. Wood engraving by Gustave Doré

Figure 6.1. Iceberg with rusty streak, approach to Site 267

Figure 6.2. Ice floes on choppy water. Watercolour by Herbert Swire

Figure 6.3. Tabular icebergs in the South Atlantic; diagonals are isogonal lines, connecting points of equal magnetic declination. From Halley’s Atlantic chart

Figure 6.4. Large ice island. Pen and ink by William Hodges, January 1773

Figure 6.5. Satellite image of giant iceberg in the Weddell Sea, showing enhanced levels of chlorophyll (yellow and red patches) trailing in its wake. Nature Geoscience, 2016

Figure 6.6. Leg 28 core showing large glacial clasts derived from the Antarctic continent—granite (to the right) and probably gabbro. Site 268 Core 6–1. The section of core in the foreground shows dark muds rich in diatoms

Figure 6.7. Sketch of an iceberg with included rock. Included by Darwin in his note to the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1839. Drawn by a Mr McNab of the Enderby expedition

Figure 7.1. Circum-Antarctic circulation, showing Antarctic Convergence and Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Figure 7.2. James Croxall Palmer

Figure 7.3. Extract from Mawson’s 1914 map of the East Antarctic coastal region, showing bases at Commonwealth Bay and near Shackleton Ice Shelf, as well as part of the routes of the Aurora cruises. The position of Site 268, drilled on Leg 28, has been added

Figure 7.4. A glimpse of the Aurora from within a cavern in the Merz Glacier, Adelie Land. Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Frank Hurley

Figure 8.1. James Clark Ross. Lithograph by Thomas Herbert Maguire, 1851

Figure 8.2. Possession Island. Watercolour by John Edward Davis

Figure 8.3. Joseph Hooker at work. Pen and ink drawing by Theodore Blake Wirgman, 1886

Figure 9.1. Nothofagus gunnii in Tasmania in autumn foliage

Figure 9.2. Eocene pollen from sediments in Prydz Bay: a. pollen of Araucariaceae; b, c. Nothofagaceae—pollen of the Nothofagus fusca type; d. Proteaceous pollen; f, g. biwinged pollen of the conifer family Podocarpaceae

Figure 9.3. Wood fragments (above) and leaf impressions of Nothofagus beardmorensis (below) from the Sirius Group

Figure 9.4. Zachos Curve of global temperatures set against a summary of the vegetation record from East Antarctica. The curve is based on oxygen isotope data from foraminifera drawn from deep sea drilling sites

Figure 10.1. The US icebreaker Burton Island in Lyttelton Harbour, February 1973, showing the dent above the belt line after meeting a bergy bit in the Ross Sea

Figure 10.2. Moss growth on the Antarctic Peninsula