Cover picture. Fengtian nephrite artifacts from Savidug Dune Site, Sabtang, late first millennium BC. Source: Hsiao-chun Hung.

Figure 1.1. The Batanes Islands, southern Taiwan and northern Luzon.

Figure 2.1. The island of Itbayat.

Figure 2.2. The eastern coastline of Itbayat.

Figure 2.3. Siayan Island from the south.

Figure 2.4. The Torongan Cave landing.

Figure 2.5. Plan of Torongan Cave.

Figure 2.6. The 2004 excavation in the rock-filled interior of Torongan Cave.

Figure 2.7. Excavation and sieving in Torongan Cave in 2005, squares C and D.

Figure 2.8. Reranum shelter before excavation.

Figure 2.9. Looking north from below Reranum shelter towards Siayan Island.

Figure 2.10. Plan and section of Reranum shelter.

Figure 2.11. The excavated eastern section of squares A and B, Reranum shelter.

Figure 2.12. Anaro from the north.

Figure 2.13. Plan of Anaro, with numbered excavation areas.

Figure 2.14. Anaro geological and occupational history.

Figure 2.15. Anaro 3A (at rear, against exposed rockshelter wall) to 3C, excavated in 2005.

Figure 2.16. Plan of excavated squares at Anaro 3.

Figure 2.17. A view of Mitangeb from the southern slope of Domnayjang.

Figure 2.18. Plan of the Mitangeb site.

Figure 2.19. Mitangeb square A, looking towards the north.

Figure 3.1. Sites investigated on Batan Island.

Figure 3.2. Mahatao and surroundings.

Figure 3.3. Plan of the Sunget Top and Main Terrace excavations.

Figure 3.4. Section through the Sunget Top Terrace excavation.

Figure 3.5 The Sunget Main Terrace excavation in 2004.

Figure 3.6. Plan of Mahatao.

Figure 3.7. Layers revealed in the Mahatao auger holes indicated in Fig. 3.6.

Figure 3.8. The stratigraphy of the Payaman site, Batan Island.

Figure 3.9. Plan of the cave of Mavuyok a Ahchip.

Figure 3.10. Plan and section of the Mavatoy rockshelter.

Figure 4.1. Sabtang, Ivuhos and Dequey Islands.

Figure 4.2. Sabtang Island, on approach from the south.

Figure 4.3. Savidug ijang.

Figure 4.4. Plan of Savidug ijang.

Figure 4.5. Savidug ijang from the ocean side.

Figure 4.6. Two perforated stone uprights still standing on the top of Savidug ijang.

Figure 4.7. Savidug ijang: terrace postholes excavated in TP1, 2003.

Figure 4.8. Pamayan cutting B, showing about 1 m of midden in the section.

Figure 4.9. Savidug Dune Site from the top of the 8 m bluff, looking southwards.

Figure 4.10. Looking north from the Savidug Dune Site in 2006.

Figure 4.11. Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 4.12. Savidug Dune Site: detailed locations of excavated areas and burial jars.

Figure 4.13. South, west and north sections of Savidug Dune Site trench QR/7-9.

Figure 4.14. Savidug Dune Site: a burial jar excavated in 2006.

Figure 4.15. Savidug Dune Site: the lidded burial jar excavated in QR/7-9.

Figure 4.16. Savidug Dune Site KL/28-29, boulder house foundation.

Figure 4.17. Savidug Dune Site: monochrome Asian export ceramics.

Figure 4.18. Savidug Dune Site: two burial jars exposed in trench E1-G1/9-11.

Figure 4.19. Savidug Dune Site: complete burial jar in E1-G1/9-11.

Figure 4.20. Savidug Dune Site: the jar in Fig. 4.19.

Figure 5.1. A plot of all the Batanes calibrated radiocarbon dates.

Figure 5.2. Oxcal 3.10 plots of marine shell and food residue dates older than 2500 cal. BP from Torongan Cave (TN), Anaro 3, Sunget, and Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 5.3. The four proposed phases for Batanes prehistory.

Figure 6.1. Decorated sherds from Torongan and Reranum Caves.

Figure 6.2. Rim forms from Torongan Cave, Chaolaiqiao and Donghebei.

Figure 6.3. Jar rims from Reranum shelter.

Figure 6.4. Undecorated rims from Anaro and Mitangeb.

Figure 6.5. Modal body sherd thicknesses (mm) at Anaro 3 (2004) by depth from surface.

Figure 6.6. Reconstruction of an Anaro circle-stamped type 1 vessel, and rims of Anaro circle-stamped types 2A and 2B.

Figure 6.7. Surface finds of rims of Anaro circle-stamped types 3A and 3B.

Figure 6.8. Examples of decorated pottery appendages from Anaro.

Figure 6.9. Decorated human figurine fragments from Anaro.

Figure 6.10. Corrugated rims from Mitangeb and Anaro (Batanes) and Sembiran (Bali).

Figure 6.11. A range of pottery appendages from Anaro.

Figure 6.12. Profiles of Sunget pottery.

Figure 6.13. Circle-stamped sherds, two loop handles and a lid knob from the Sunget excavations.

Figure 6.14. Open bowls with stamped circle decoration, handles, knobs and lids from Sunget.

Figure 6.15. Vessel group excavated from layer 4 in the Savidug Dune Site in 2006.

Figure 6.16. Circle-stamped sherds from the Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 6.17. Bowl sections compared from Savidug QR/7-9 and Anaro 3B.

Figure 6.18. Hole-mouthed rim section compared from Savidug QR/7-9 and Anaro 3B.

Figure 6.19. Jar rims compared from Savidug QR/7-9 and Anaro 3B.

Figure 6.20. Jar rims with external applied bands from Savidug QR/7-9.

Figure 6.21. Bulbous spout of a vessel for holding liquids from Savidug Dune Site QR/7-9.

Figure 6.22. Naidi phase pottery from Batan sites.

Figure 6.23. Late phase and ethnographic pottery from Batan Island.

Figure 7.1. The archaeological distribution of spindle whorls in Neolithic Southeast Asia.

Figure 7.2. Baked clay spindle whorls from Sunget, Anaro and Savidug.

Figure 8.1. Lithic artefacts collected from Sunget, Batan, in 1982.

Figure 8.2. Grooved (scarfed) adzes from Anaro and Taiwan.

Figure 8.3. Stepped adzes from Anaro, Taiwan and Fujian.

Figure 8.4. Broken adze butts and blades from Anaro surface collections.

Figure 8.5. Complete (and other) adzes from the Batanes Islands and other locations.

Figure 8.6. Hoe-like tools from Anaro.

Figure 8.7. Bark cloth beaters from Anaro.

Figure 8.8. Taiwan slate points, point butts and knives and from Sunget and Anaro.

Figure 8.9. Side-notched pebble sinkers from Sunget, Savidug Dune Site, and Taiwan.

Figure 8.10. Grindstones and polishing stones from Anaro, Savidug Dune Site and Mitangeb.

Figure 8.11. Metal, bone and glass artefacts from Batanes sites.

Figure 8.12. Baked clay ornaments from Anaro and Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 8.13. Shell artefacts from Anaro.

Figure 8.14. Shell artefacts from Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 9.1. Chemical compositions of nephrite artefact matrices, and chemical compositions of zinc-bearing chromite inclusions in the surfaces of nephrite artefacts.

Figure 9.2. Nephrite adze from Sunget; three pointed lingling-o and pelta-shaped nephrite segment from Savidug.

Figure 9.3. Possible nephrite prototypes for the lingling-o type of penannular earring with three pointed circumferential projections from Taiwan, Lanyu, Savidug Dune site and Cagayan Valley.

Figure 9.4. Nephrite adzes from Anaro.

Figure 9.5. Fragments of circular ring-shaped nephrite ornaments from Anaro.

Figure 9.6. Drilled-out nephrite biconical and conical cores, and flat circular discs, from Anaro.

Figure 9.7. Pelta-shaped nephrite segments and star-shaped central discard from Anaro.

Figure 9.8. Other worked fragments of nephrite from Anaro.

Figure 9.9. A fragment of a muscovite bracelet from Anaro.

Figure 9.10. Green nephrite lingling-os and double animal-headed ear pendants from the Tabon Caves, Palawan.

Figure 9.11. The distribution of green nephrite ornaments in the Philippines.

Figure 9.12. Examples of white nephrite adzes from the Philippines.

Figure 9.13. The distribution of white nephrite adzes in the Philippines.

Figure 9.14. “Mindoro jade” (muscovite) disc beads from Ulilang Bundok, southern Luzon.

Figure 9.15. The distribution of “Mindoro jade” (muscovite) ornaments in the Philippines.

Figure 10.1. A pig right humerus from Savidug B11 (60–70 cm) demonstrating a spiral fracture and ‘tearing’.

Figure 10.2. Close up of the cut marks on antero-medial margins of the medial epicondyle of a goat left humerus from Anaro 3E (30-40 cm).

Figure 10.3. Fragment of bone from Savidug Dune Site B9 (80-90 cm) demonstrating the parallel grooving along a fracture margin characteristic of rodent gnawing.

Figure 10.4. The pig body part representation from Anaro.

Figure 10.5. The goat body part representation from Anaro.

Figure 10.6. The occlusal and labial aspects of the viverrid left mandible from Anaro 6 (80–90 cm).

Figure 10.7. A probable fishing gorge from Anaro 3A (80–90 cm).

Figure 10.8. The pig body part representation from Savidug Dune Site layer 4.

Figure 10.9. The ventral and caudal aspects of a dog basioccipital from Savidug Dune Site QR 7-9, 120–130 cm.

Figure 10.10. A dog right mandibular condyle from Savidug Dune Site QR 7-9, 110–120 cm, with eight transverse cut marks on the neck.

Figure 10.11. A fragment of right tibiotarsus shaft from Savidug Dune Site Q/R 7-9, 110-120 cm.

Figure 10.12. The pig body part representation from Savidug Dune Site layer 2.

Figure 10.13. The labial and occlusal aspects of the heavily worn cervid right lower 2nd molar recovered from Savidug Dune Site L27 at 0-20 cm.

Figure 10.14. The proximal end of a dog 3rd left metatarsal from Callao Cave, northern Luzon.

Figure 11.1. Deep oblique cut mark on the right lateral aspect near the base of a Balistidae 1st dorsal spine from Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 11.2. Prominent anthropogenic marks on Diodontidae dermal spines from Pamayan.

Figure 11.3. Two large dorso-ventral orientated cut marks on the left lateral aspect of a Coryphaenidae abdominal vertebra from Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 11.4. Scrape marks on the dorsal surfaces of the left lateral aspect of two Coryphaenidae vertebrae from Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 11.5. Contemporary filleting and drying of dolphinfish in the Batanes Islands.

Figure 11.6. Fishing gorges from Anaro.

Figure 12.1. Graph to show the relative proportions of terrestrial, upper intertidal and ‘other’ marine shell excavated from Torongan in 2005.

Figure 12.2. Graph to show the total number of shells (MNI) recovered from each spit of square C, Torongan Cave, Itbayat Island.

Figure 12.3. Graph to show the increasing density of shell by depth in Anaro 3A, Itbayat Island.

Figure 12.4. Graph to show the relative proportions of major species, land snails and ‘other’ marine shell excavated from Anaro Area 3.

Figure 12.5. Graph to show the relative proportions of major species, land snails and ‘other’ marine shell excavated from layer 2 of the Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 12.6. Four Thais tuberosa specimens from Savidug Dune Site.

Figure 12.7. Dominant species of cowrie represented in layer 2 of the Savidug Dune Site showing levels of fragmentation by comparing fragment (NISP) with estimated minimum number of individual shell (MNI) counts.

Figure 12.8. Graph to show the relative proportions of cowries, land snails and ‘other’ marine shell excavated from layer 4 of the Savidug Dune Site in 2006.

Figure 12.9. Graph to show the relative proportions of cowries, land snails and ‘other’ marine shell excavated from layer 4 of the Savidug Dune Site in 2007.

Figure 12.10. Graph to show the relative proportion of cowrie shells (Cypraea spp.) within the total shell sample at all levels from Pamayan section A.

Figure 12.11. Graph to show the relative proportions of cowrie shells, land snails and other marine species at Pamayan.

Figure 12.12. Two broken Tridacna maxima adze preforms, both from Anaro 3C.

Figure 12.13. Three Turbo marmoratus rotating fishhook preforms from Anaro.

Figure 12.14. Two reduced Turbo marmoratus opercula from Anaro.

Figure 12.15. Three examples of worked Turbo marmoratus from Anaro.

Figure 13.1. The four proposed phases for Batanes prehistory, together with radiocarbon chronologies for the excavated Batanes sites, and contemporary cultural manifestations in Taiwan and Luzon.